What’s Up With Chris Brown and Rihanna?

When he came onto the scene in 2005, he was a 16 year old from Virginia filled with charisma and talent. Every high school girl wanted to date him and every high school boy wanted to be him. His cute face, killer dance moves and chart topping hits such as “Run It” and “Forever” showed America that he was indeed a force to be reckoned with.

A few years after circulating the music industry, he began dating R&B’s sweetheart, Rihanna. The two young superstars quickly became the new “it” couple. Their relationship seemed peachy keen until a shocking night in early 2009 proved to us otherwise. It was said that while they were in a car, an argument developed and he beat and battered Rihanna to the point where she was nearly unconscious and her face was almost unrecognizable. People refused to believe the story, simply because it seemed so opposite of his character, but when pictures began to surface it became very real. His fans turned away from him and the media began bashing him.

He took a lot of time out of the spotlight and privately worked on his third studio album. Hoping to lure his fans back in, he slowly began making public apologies and appearances, as well as releasing new mix-tapes before the arrival of his actual album. And in 2009, he publicly broke down at the MTV awards. He was doing a tribute performance for Michael Jackson and toward the end he began crying. Convenient huh? Many people questioned how sincere his tears were but on the other hand, many of his old fans were won over by the “vulnerability” that he showed on national television.

Yes, he apologized but hitting a woman is never forgivable. On top of that, he was recently photographed at an event sporting a fresh and bold tattoo on his neck. The tattoo is the face of a battered woman, which resembles the face of Rihanna when she was beaten. Chris Brown said the tattoo has absolutely nothing to do with his ex-girlfriend. He says it is a depiction of a Mexican sugar skull, associated with the holiday Cinco de Mayo (Spanish for “day of the dead”). Was his true intention to symbolize that domestic violence is acceptable? It seems ridiculous for a person like him to have the audacity to get such a controversial tattoo.

To make things even stranger, they’ve recently record four songs together and Rihanna has publicly admitted that they are now back in a relationship. After all of the embarrassment that he has put her through, why in the world would she get back with him? Do men who beat their girlfriends really deserve second chances?

What About Gay Marriage?

Citizens say that all men are created equal, but can we all say this is true? Throughout centuries, the United States has gone through extreme changes in order to make this statement true, but we still have many changes to overcome. Gay marriage, a controversial subject to many, seems so simple to me.

Is it fair that men and women can marry each other but not people of the same sex? No. In the end, we are all people that deserve the same rights. Does gay marriage affect everyone else? No. As a nation, we should stand together to allow this to be accepted in order for everyone to truly be equal. Everyone should be able to have the chance and right to marry the ones they love and no law or policy should stop them from doing so.

This is a major change that needs to occur in order to evolve this nation into a more equal one. Although gay marriage is still not legalized nationwide, some states have made individual improvements to have it approved. Many of us know someone who is personally affected with this dilemma. Do you think it is tolerable that you are able to marry but they are not? Assimilation and change a part of this nation. Gay marriage may be out of the ordinary societal norm, but a being traditional nuclear family should not be considered the only normal way to live in this country. I do not and never will understand how people think this country considers everyone equal when that is not the case.

It is sad to see many loving homosexual couples that cannot marry because of the law. Some heterosexual couples are even holding off on marriage until it is legal for everyone, which I find admiring, as it is a form of taking a stand for what is right. I have known people who revealed their sexuality, which makes me happy for them, but also sad as well as I know that they have a harder struggle to overcome than I would have with the man I marry.

Even though I many seem negative towards the people against this, I do understand that people are not comfortable with gay marriage, but that should not prevent it from happening. At the end of the day everyone should be able to live their own lives the way they wish without regard of other opinions or beliefs.

More Creativity in Learning

Dread. That is what many people feel towards going to school. Instead of seeing education as a privilege, many people see it as something we have to, but dislike. Without a college degree, it is difficult to become successful in the specific career that you wish to achieve. However, there may be one solution to end the dread for school. Creativity. Professors have to be more engaging and creative with their lesson plans in order to have their students more engaged as well.

From my own experience, I remember my classes much more clearly from elementary school than I do from high school or even college. Back in elementary school, the teachers are more determined to provide a fun, successful, learning experience. By the uses of art, music, or other creative games, I learned much more effectively than I did in high school. For example, I specifically remember the process of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation due to a song I learned at school. Having to do visual aids for research projects helped me connect better to my subject and help me learn more successfully. Unfortunately, as the years progressed, the classroom went from being a fun learning environment to a sleepy lecture room.

I never wanted to miss one day of elementary school and was constantly awarded with perfect attendance. However, that is not the case for high school or college. Even though the students are older, we still enjoy having a fun learning experience.  Education should be something we desire to have, not just need. Many people go to school because they have to, but instead, we should want to. By creating an enjoyable learning experience, students will grow to love education instead of hating it.

Now, more than ever, education is the most important aspects of our society. In order to prosper, we need everyone to get an education so we can get further in science and in math. Many accomplishments can be made. Dropout rates can decrease and education will not be something students dread, but something they can be excited for.

Where does your happiness come from?

Most people today have their morals confused because they are based on materialistic things. To make money is one thing, but flaunting it is completely different. I understand a paycheck makes everyone happy, very happy. But that's just it. Money is not the only thing to make someone happy and neither are the materials that come with it. 

Did you notice how I said 'thing'? My point exactly. 

The little or big things that can buy happiness will not solve problems. How does buying a pair of heels boost your happiness? Why? Because you have something new to show off? I prefer to meet someone that is raggedy with a heart of gold, than a stuck up barbie doll with a heart of coal. Hence, the confused morals of people. 

Money can not buy happiness forever. There are plenty of old timers who have thousands of dollars and no one to share the success with. That is probably because money is the root of all evil. Money can make someone change (so I've heard), but with enough will power you can rise above the stereotypes. However, if you can not control yourself the money will take over and you may well fall in to depression. So morals, you must have and they should be true. I use the word 'true' because I believe someone who is true to you is true to others and with true actions, true feelings will arise.

I have heard more stories about what someone has bought, than what someone has brought to the table, so to speak. This troubles me. Will happiness ever begin with the letter 'h' or will it always be spelled m-o-n-e-y?

Ask yourself this:

Where does your happiness come from? Because my happiness comes from within. 

...The pursuit of happiness, where will it take you?

"Performance Enhancing" Substances

     Recently, the National Football League has made the news for suspending several players for the use of performance enhancing substances. In most cases, professional athletes are being punished for using banned substances such as steroids which give them a direct advantage in their physical performance. However, several players have been suspended more recently for the use of Adderall, which is usually prescribed  to deal with ADD or ADHD. As someone who has been prescribed to this substance, I find this situation to be pretty interesting.

     The reason players are banned for using these substances seems pretty obvious, anything that enhances your performance gives you an unfair advantage over other athletes, and as a result the overall balance of the game comes into question. But can Adderall really give players that much of an advantage over their opponent? Now, it makes sense that such effects such as heightened concentration and alertness would definitely boost the performance of an athlete, but my own experiences make me question this. For example, look at the classroom as a comparison. One could make the argument that a student like me taking Adderall will allow me to concentrate better and therefore have an advantage over other students. This isn’t the case, instead it allows me to perform how I feel I should be under normal circumstances. Instead of giving me an advantage over others, it actually balances out the disadvantages I faced because I wasn’t motivated.

     Obviously, professional sports are more of a competition than a group of students learning in a classroom, but the example still works. In some cases, people may be fine and Adderall will make them even more attentive, and may give them an advantage. In other cases, the player might be dealing with some issues, and Adderall will assist with solving those problems and make them perform how they really should. Because you can’t really determine whether or not the substance is making them perform better or just perform how they really should, there isn’t really a way that they could allow it, and I am not saying they should. I Just don’t think its as easy to say it is a performance enhancing substance as it is for something such as steroids. 

The Second Amendment: Confusing in Definition and Practice

The various political debates discourse and conversations which currently surround the definitions and limitations of the Second Amendment is just one complication of the United States Constitution.  According to the United States Constitution, the Second Amendment, the right to bear arms, states, “a well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed”.  Recently, the debates of pro and con gun control have been so fierce precisely because the definition of the Second Amendment has never been modified and individuals are considerably qualified to interpret the amendment freely. 

However, the Second Amendment is not nearly as much as a personal liberty as it is a common right for individuals to form armies (militia) in defense of the country in instances of crisis or intervention.  Guns and firearms have one exclusive purpose- to kill, and in instances where the country is under a real and imminent danger, the use of firearms is required and valid. Essentially, the Second Amendment and use of firearms should exclusively apply to miltia, as stated in the amendment, and law enforcement officers. 

Yet, many firearm enthusiasts and their supporters assert that private gun ownership is constitutional right and individuals should ultimately be in control of their own security. However, continuing interpreting the Second Amendment this candidly will potentially result in an alarming increase in national crime, murder and suicide rates. According to Jill Lepore, a correspondent for The New Yorker, “The United States has the highest rate of civilian gun ownership in the world. . .[we] also have the highest homicide rate of any affluent democracy, nearly four times higher than France of the United Kingdom. . . in 2008, guns were involved in two-thirds of all murders”.

 Furthermore, according to the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, “83 percent of gun-related deaths in homes [where a gun owner lives] are the result of a suicide, often by someone other than the gun owner”. Considering these statistics, the Second Amendment and the regulation of firearms needs to be modified to prevent these contemporary dangers. 

While the notion of self defense is credible, it is no less murky in definition than the Second Amendment itself.  Nevertheless, protection of one’s own wellbeing, family and property is a necessity for many Americans and there are numerous methods to ensure this safety.  For example, stun guns and related electroshock weapons are highly effective in ceasing an attacker and, most importantly, they are not lethal. 

Fantasy Football ruining the NFL?

Has anyone else noticed how much people care about their fantasy teams? I came to this realization over Thanksgiving break while watching the NFL games on Thursday and listening to my uncles, cousins, and brother talk about specific players during these games. I am sitting on the couch listening to a conversation about how Robert Griffin III needs to have a big game or hope Tony Romo has a bad game. I feel like people worry more about how certain players perform than the actual game. I remember being younger and watching the game for the actual game, not how players perform. I could listen to my relatives begin talking to the television hoping that maybe Robert Griffin III would start throwing more even though Washington was comfortably ahead in the game. Fantasy football is ruining the experience of watching a football game.

I believe that it ruins the experience because it leads to a new breed of NFL fans that care less about the outcome of the game as long as their players in the game scored a touchdown. This new breed of fan is the type of person that sees a ten yard yard and yells something along the lines of, “Nice! That's a point!” For instance, I watched the Tampa Bay-Atlanta game Sunday with a friend and he could care less about the result because Tampa Bay's running back had a big stat game. Tampa Bay ended up losing this game. When the Patriots are on, I could care less about fantasy football implications. But I hear people complaining when a back up running back on the Patriots scores a Touchdown. Instead of cheers I hear, “Why aren't they giving Stevan Ridley the ball?” Honestly I feel that supporting your hometown team trumps your fantasy team. This new breed of NFL fans are interested in this sport because of the trendy fantasy game that is easy to pick up. These new fans would quickly stop watching football if a sport like handball became the new trendy fantasy sport.

I partake in playing fantasy football, but I can be a legitimate football fan that is watching the game for the sake of watching it. Like other people, I can become upset if my fantasy team plays poorly but I will not let it ruin the rest of my day. I feel like the viewing experience of an NFL game is becoming watered down due to the fans that care more about their imaginary team than their hometown team. My viewpoint must be old fashioned since I still care more about the results of the game more than the player stats.   

Here's a BlackBoard Assignment, JK No Internet!

When we applied to Framingham State University (or College, if you came here before the switch), we were told that having a laptop is required. FSU advertises itself as a wireless campus and many classes uses online sites, so it is mandatory to have our own devices.

The problem is, the wireless internet connection on campus is completely unreliable and slow. There are times when it is impossible to even get online, let alone load a website. A lot of professors use blackboard or similar sites, and many classes (such as this one!) require students to submit work online. Some form of internet research is required for nearly every course. But when we can't get online to actually do or submit the assignments, it is very frustrating.

The resident halls are the worst. I was a resident for the past three years, and I could rarely do homework in the dorms. There were many times when the internet simply would not load, and other times when loading websites just took forever. At night, it is pretty much impossible to use the internet because so many students are trying to use it at the same time. I have tried using Ethernet cables, but it did little to speed up the connection. I have also found that attempting to work in the commuter cafeteria is also difficult. Sometimes, the connection will just go offline for seemingly no reason, and if you move to other places on campus you have to reconnect to the WiFi.  The only place I have found the internet reliable is in the library. However, the library has so little outlets that sometimes you can't do your work there, either.

The issue is that there are simply too many students using the internet and not enough routers. The connection has gotten worse since the school decided to accept more students. The solution is simple: place more routers on campus so that there will be less students per router.

If Framingham State is going to continue to require students to use the internet for assignments, then they need to do something to fix the internet. It is not fair for us to deal with the added frustration of being blocked from getting something done that is probably stressing us out in the first place. Furthermore, some professors except assignments to submitted on time and have no sympathy for the "couldn't get on blackboard" excuse. It is not fair to us to have our grades, not to mention our heads, hurt due to the stress of the terrible wireless connection

Everyone Makes Mistakes

Everyone makes mistakes. There is not one person on this earth that has never made a mistake in their lifetime. People make mistakes all the time but in order to learn from these mistakes, the individual needs to make their own and not learn from others unless the mistake is huge with a lasting impression.

There are big mistakes and small mistakes. Sometimes depending on the person, they can learn from a little mistake they made. For example, you accidentally leave your sun roof and windows open overnight in your car and it rains making the inside of your car soaking wet. After making that mistake you will never leave your windows down overnight again. Also, it is hard to learn from other people's big mistakes because people have the "it will never happen to me" mindset. For example, in my personal experience I used to think nothing was going to happen to me if I went a little over the speed limit, well I was wrong. I went over the speed limit a little bit one night, because I was past my curfew, and made a sharp turn onto another street not knowing there was black ice. My car slid into the curb at such an angle that I snapped my tire off on the front passenger side. Let’s just say $2,100 later I learned to be a much more cautious driver. If I told my experience about speeding to someone else that speeds they would probably not learn from it because it didn't happen to them.

There are special occasions where such an outrageous mistake can cause others who did not experience it to learn from it. For example, there was a video online of a famous athlete jumping over a smart car. This video was made to look like the athlete was jumping over the car but in reality he made the illusion that he was actually doing it. He was closer to the camera and jumping while the car drives by in the background making it look like he jumped the car but he didn't, he only timed his jump to look like he did. Well this caused some youth to think this was real and they wanted to try it. One boy tried to actually jump a moving car while his friend videotaped it. This ended up with the friend catching this boy’s jump to his death on tape. It was such a tragic event that it made it on the news. There were multiple mistakes that happened here. The athlete should have specified that it was all an illusion and this should not be attempted in real life. The other mistake was made by the boy who wanted to try this stunt without thinking of what the consequences would be. Hopefully from these few mistakes people will learn from this lasting impression without going out and experiencing it.

Public Consumption of Alcohol

     I recently attended a sold out concert in Providence with a friend of mine. Because the concert was a  10^th anniversary show to celebrate the release of a popular album, the crowd was made up of a lot of people in their late 20s. Like the majority of concert venues I have been to, they serve alcohol to people who obtain wristbands which confirm they are over 21 years old. During the entire concert, a lot of incidents occurred due to people drinking too much. I have seen plenty of times where a teenager drinks and makes a fool of themselves, and I guess I expected this wouldn’t be that big of a problem when talking about a bunch of adults. Turns out I was wrong.

    I found it hard to fully enjoy myself due to the fact that I couldn’t even watch a full song without being bumped into by someone who couldn’t keep their balance, or stepping on an empty bottle that someone threw carelessly on the floor. At one point, someone who was clearly drunk even attempted to start a fight with me because he was hit from behind by someone else.

    My point is, there are a lot of people who simply can’t function when under the influence of alcohol, no matter how old they are, and as a result, other people aren’t able to have the ideal experience. Its pretty unrealistic to believe that places would stop serving alcohol completely at public events, but if they at least set up a system to try and limit the amount one is able to consume, the situation would be much better for everyone who is involved. What is the point of making sure if someone is 21 or older, if they are just going to drink and end up acting just like an under age drinker would. 

The Confusing Ways of Sports Entertainment

I would like to say I am not the most fanatic sports fan when it comes to any sport. In fact I only watch basketball and fights such as mixed martial arts. These are on rare occasions that I do this. But for years there is something I have noticed that bothers me. Sports like hockey, basketball, baseball, and football do not force you to pay to watch it. But sports like boxing and UFC have pay-per-view. I do not see this as fair. I personally like boxing and mma fighting over the other sports, but it seems like they are insulting the other sports. They seem so good that you have to pay to watch them. Reality is there is something unique about every sport.

Now for those who do not know there are other ways to watch sports other than on cable or satelite. People who have an Xbox 360 and an Xbox live gold membership can watch sports on ESPN. I played around with this and I thought this would be a way to watch all sports equally. I was wrong. There is now a separate UFC application on the Xbox 360. Meaning you have to pay to watch the fights.

When you see any sport in person, you have to pay for it. There are always people willing to see a sport event live. But on television? A Celtics game you do not have to pay for meaning it is easier and cheaper to follow the season. But the UFC and boxing make it difficult to follow and more expensive. Some UFC events can cost $100. I could go to a live concert with that money. The only way to watch UFC fights or boxing fights for free is to watch older fights. Which I will admit can be interesting to watch. But I would like to be able to watch the newer fights as well...without having to cough up my paycheck to do this. Teamsports are the ones that do not cost money to watch. The fighting ones do. Dana White who is the president of the UFC has stated that the UFC is the fastest growing sport. Quite frankly I don't see how it is if people always have to pay for it. I could understand major fights, but not every fight.

Snoop Dogg is now "Snoop Lion"

As said in recent news, West Coast rapper, Snoop Dogg has changed his name to "Snoop Lion." Why, you may ask? Because, after 20 plus years of rapping he's done with the gangster image. He now considers himself a mellow reggae artist, using the old Rastafarian term "Lion", in reference to the lion of Judah.  There has been plenty of controversy over whether or not his new identity makes sense and I can see why. Personally, I believe that people can indeed find a new religion later on in life, but I think it is insane in this case. It’s no secret that Rastafarians are known for smoking marijuana and it’s no secret that Snoop Dogg has always loved marijuana. That obviously must have played a major role in his decision, but I don’t think he realizes that that’s not all there is to being a Rasta.

Rastafarianism is a form of Christianity. Yes, that means you are to routinely read the Bible and live a positive life. This religion represents peace, love and equality; cannabis is just supposed used for spiritual purposes. Reggae music is supposed to reflect all of these beliefs. So how can a person make such a drastic change? Snoop is attempting to switch from rapping about sex, violence and drugs to Jah/Zion (God/Heaven), peace, political equality, civil rights and women's rights. Does he really grasp the concept of this religion and this music or is he doing it for show?

It appears as if he just woke up one day, threw on a dreadlock beanie and thought "Hey, I look Jamaican today and I like to smoke weed so why not change my name to Snoop Lion?" It is just like someone looking in the mirror and saying “Hey, I look Italian today so why not tell everyone that I am an Italian.”  He already has this gangster image that he has been well known for, for almost 30 years. His personality does not accurately reflect the Rastafarian religion at all. He claims that this new-found religion has changed him but the only things that are different are his clothes and his name. He still acts like the same old Snoop. Sadly, he is just feeding the stereotype that being a Rasta is only about smoking weed.

Real Rastas would probably be disappointed and offended to hear that he is the celebrity that wants to represent them. A Rasta doesn’t necessarily need to be Jamaican but the fact that he is not Jamaican would probably irritate them even further. Snoop is nearly 50 years old anyway. He is clearly doing this to stir up controversy and stay relevant in the entertainment industry. I say he should either retire or go back to gangster rap. However, even if he did return to gangster rap, it wouldn’t be the same; he is a millionaire now with a wife and three grown children, he just doesn’t have that lifestyle anymore. Whatever he chooses to do, all I know is I definitely will not be referring to him as Snoop Lion, will you?

Mother Knows Best

There are many professions in our society that are respected such as: doctors, firefighters, and teachers. There is one job, however, that people continue to criticize and look down upon: the stay at home mom. I believe that one of the biggest issues people have with stay at home moms is that people perceive being a full time mom as an easy task. People do not realize what goes into staying at home all day every day with your children and these are the same people that criticize women who chose to devote their lives to their children. Being a mother is a job and it is hard work. One has to wake up early, care for children, do housework, run errands, work weekends and all without the benefit of receiving a pay check. Being a full time mom is not a 9-5 job and one never gets to ‘clock out.’

I am not implying that all women should give up their hopes and professional aspirations to become a stay at home. I am not saying that women who work instead of staying home are bad mothers. I am not saying these things because I do not believe them to be true and because they are unfair to the women who are ambitious and want a career or women who can simply not afford to stay at home. I respect these women and all I am advocating is for people to have respect for stay at home moms in return. People need to respect them and their decision and not look down on them because they have chosen a different path than what is nowadays considered traditional.

Another major issue I have is with women who criticize other women who stay at home. They will often argue that women in the past fought to obtain the freedoms that we enjoy now such as being able to work. My response to those women is that women in the past did not fight so we could work; they fought so we could have the option of working.

I urge people to rethink their perceptions of women who decide to make being a mom their one and only job. Being a mother is an arduous task and women who decide to be a housewife should not be looked down upon. Women who devote their lives to their children should be praised not bashed.

Dining Disasters

Many students at Framingham State University are not pleased with the “caf” as it is commonly referred to. This is the place where most resident students dine on a regular basis, and is open for anyone willing to pay for a meal. This includes commuters, as well as anyone who decides to venture on in. Complaints are abundant when this topic is brought up, and for good reason. One issue is the amount of space, in regards to the amount of students that come at certain popular meal times. I for one was not pleased at the beginning of the semester when I received Director of Dining Services, Ralph Eddy’s email about avoiding “peak traffic times” to improve everyone’s dining experiences. There needs to be a space that can handle a large amount of students at popular dinning times. Maybe an expansion is in order. I’m no expert, but with three years of experience and counting, I feel confident in a saying a change is needed.

Another issue that irks many is the food. A miscommunication between my friend and I once occurred when I said, “I’m sick of eating, gross caf food”, and she thought I said, “I’m sick of eating, gross cat food”. They’re basically the same thing in my opinion. With the amount of money students pay, the least expensive resident meal plan being $1500 per semester for any 19 meals per week, and the most expensive meal plan being $1665 per semester for either 75 meals per semester and $500 dining dollars, or 120 meals per semester and $200 dining dollars, one would think that nutritious, at least decent quality, food would be served.  This not the case.

The meat is another area of concern. I would love to get some protein, but would rather not chomp on multi-colored pieces of chicken. I’m also quite certain that the chicken should not still be the color of the eraser on the top of my pencil. I also wonder whose idea it was to put the yogurt right next to the toaster. Those things give off a lot of heat, and lukewarm yogurt is just not appealing. Staying on the issue of heat, the plates and bowls are often times too hot. I know it is because they were recently washed and dried, so yes they are clean, but is there any way to cool them off before they become available and burn an unsuspecting hand? I do not have all the answers, but I do know that people would be much happier campers if some changes were made in regards to dining services.

Don't Fear Black Friday

As families return home and leftovers are diminished, the Thanksgiving excitement is dying down.  However, the conversations about those many brave souls who faced the crowds and long lines on Black Friday are still in full force. Over the weekend I could not help but overhear dozens of shocked patrons at work obsessing over “how crazy those people must be.” I actually over heard a woman say this.  While I am certainly not among the millions who quickly cleaned their Thanksgiving plates to rush out to the stores, I have a hard time understanding why people are still lamenting over Black Friday.  

While I don’t necessarily agree with the barbaric behavior some possessed shoppers exhibit to get the hottest new toy or television, I think these instances are rare and, when common decency is shown, Black Friday should not be a day to be feared.  I think everyone needs to remember that not all Black Friday shoppers are fanatical psychopathic consumers who bring their children out in the early hours of the morning and are willing to trample each other for a good deal.  Instead, from what I have witnessed, Black Friday shoppers are lining up to have a good time and when common sense, patience and order is exhibited, Black Friday can be a perfectly acceptable way for shoppers to get a head start on their holiday shopping. 

Many Black Friday naysayers insist that Thanksgiving should be about family, friends and tradition. 

 However, for some families this is what Black Friday is all about.  Instead of indulging in several slices of pumpkin pie (like I did) why not indulge in a few good deals with your friends and family?  I believe many people forget that we are a culture of consumers and our desires will not be dismissed for one day.  Besides, shopping into the wee hours of the morning is probably a pretty good way to burn off all of those extra Thanksgiving calories. . .